Preheat oven to 410°F (210°C) and allow to fully preheat before cauliflower goes in — full preheat is essential for caramelization.
Cut cauliflower into evenly sized florets approximately 1.5–2 inches across for consistent roasting.
Place florets in a large bowl, drizzle with 1 tablespoon extra virgin olive oil, add salt and freshly ground black pepper, and toss well until every floret is evenly coated — use hands for most thorough coating.
Line a large baking sheet with parchment paper and spread seasoned florets in a single even layer with space between each piece — do not overcrowd.
Roast on center rack at 410°F for 20–25 minutes until edges are deeply golden brown and caramelized — do not stir during roasting.
While cauliflower roasts make the sauce — add green onions, fresh parsley, salt, green chili slices, lemon zest, lemon juice, and extra virgin olive oil to a food processor.
Blitz until a thick cohesive textured sauce forms — not completely smooth, some texture is desirable.
Taste sauce and adjust seasoning — add more salt, lemon juice, or chili slices to preference.
Remove roasted cauliflower from oven and transfer to a large bowl or serving platter.
Spoon or pour lemon herb sauce over hot florets and toss gently to coat every piece evenly.
Serve immediately while hot.